Todos estamos familiarizados con los coches a gasolina y mucha gente ha oído hablar o ha visto alguna vez uno eléctrico. Un coche híbrido es una combinación de los dos. Un coche híbrido contiene partes de ambos, los vehículos a gasolina y los eléctricos, en un inetnto de obtener lo mejor de los dos mundos.
La mejor manera de entender las ventajas de un vehículo híbrido es pensar en un coche circulando a través de una autovía a la máxima velocidad permitida en llano. En este instante, el motor está haciendo tres cosas:
1.- Está superando la resistencia al rozamiento de la transmisión
2.- Está superando la resistencia al aire
3.- Está proporcionando energía a equipamiento como el alternador, la bomba de dirección asistida y el aire acondicionado.
El motor no debería necesitar producir más de 10 o 20 caballos de potencia para mover el peso del coche. El motivo por el que los coches tienen motores de 100 o 200 caballos es gestionar la aceleración desde el punto muerto así como adelantar y subir cuestas. Sólo utilzamos el 1% del nivel máximo de caballos de potencia durante nuestro tiempo de conducción. El resto del tiempo sólo cargamos con el peso y con la fricción de un motor mucho mayor que desperdicia mucha energía.
En un típico coche híbrido se tiene un coche eléctrico completo. Incluye un motor eléctrico para proveer toda la energía a las ruedas así como abastecer al motor de electricidad. Aparte tienes un motor de gasolina que genera energía a un generador. El motor es muy pequeño (tal vez 10 o 20 caballos) y está diseñado para correr a una cierta velocidad para una máxima eficiencia. El propósito de este pequeño y eficiente motor es proveer suficiente energía al coche cuando circula a velocidad de crucero. Mientras se acelera, las baterias proveen de la energía requerida de más. Cuando el coche desacelera o se mantiene parado, las baterias se cargan. Este tipo de coches híbridos son esencialmente un coche eléctrico con un cargador integrado para una mayor autonomía. La ventaja es que este pequeño y eficiente motor de gasolina ofrece un buen kilometraje.
El único problema de un coche híbrido común es su peso. Tiene que cargar con el peso del motor eléctrico, el generador, el motor de gasolina y las baterias. No se llegan a necesitar tantas baterias com en un coche eléctrico real, esto ahorra algo de peso, pero un motor eléctrico completo mas un generador de 10 kilowatios puede llegar a pesar algunos cientos de libras.
diumenge, 7 de juny del 2009
Module 3
Module 3: Translation practice (translation praxis)
Unit 4: Translation Technical Text 4
| v Theoretical explanations (15 minutes) v Task 1: Analysis/translation of vocabulary in technical text 4 (15 minutes) v Task 2: Group Translation of 22 sentences in technical text 4 (1 hour) v Assessed Exercise 8: Translation of Technical Text 4 (1 hour) | v Aim: To translate a technical text and analyze different levels of the text. |
Some last theoretical comments on Translation
If we want the meaning to be the same in the two languages, it will more often than not be carried out at the expense of the grammar. In other words, to be able to express the same or similar meanings in two languages or two texts, we will often have to adjust / change structural elements. Some examples are given below with English and Spanish:
I want you to go away. Quiero que te vayas.
Adverbio por verbo: He often works at night / Suele trabajar de noche.
Adverbio por adjetivo: He grabbed her wildly / Se aferró a ella desesperado.
Verbo por adjetivo: Calm down/ Quedate tranquilo – This pie tastes better/ este pastel es más sabroso
Adjetivo posesivo por artículo: They carried guns under their arms/Llevaban armas bajo el brazo.
Adverbio por sustantivo: She ate delightfully/ Comió con verdadero placer.
Verbo por sustantivo: He explained it brilliantly/ Dio una explicación brillante.
Sustantivo por verbo: Take a deep breath/ respirá profundo
He elbowed his way through Se abrió paso a codazos.
He jumped up. Subió de un salto.
He’s married with two children. Está casado y tiene dos hijos.
Omisión:
He failed to come. No vino
This doesn’t strike me as surprising. No me sorprende.
Task 1: Technical Vocabulary
Match the words in the table:
| Spanish | English |
1. agradable . 2. alertas . 3. amenaza . 4. arena . 5. arrasaran 6. aseguran . 7. atravesaran . 8. avisos . 9. boscosas . 10. bosque . 11. brisa . 12. casquetes de hielo . 13. congelado . 14. derritiendo . 15. huracán . 16. imprevisibles . 17. inundación . 18. mudarse . 19. oleadas de la marea . 20. pantanos de mangle . 21. potable (agua) . 22. praderas . 23. precipitaciones . 24. sequías . 25. suministros . 26. taladas . 27. temporada . | 28. Alerts 2 29. Break through 7 30. Breeze 11 31. Cut down 26 32. Droughts 24 33. Fields 22 34. Flooding 17 35. Forest 10 36. Forest areas 9 37. Frozen 13 38. Hurricanes 15 39. Ice caps 12 40. Make sure 6 41. Mangrove swamps 20 42. Melting 14 43. Move 18 44. Nice, pleasant 1 45. Rainfall 23 46. Safe water 21 47. Sand 4 48. Season 27 49. Supplies 25 50. Threat 3 51. Tidal surges 19 52. Unpredictable 16 53. Warnings 8 54. Wash away 5 |
Task 2: Group Translation of 22 sentences
TECHNICAL TEXT 4:
Aumento del nivel del mar (Rising Sea Levels)
El aumento mundial de la temperatura está derritiendo el hielo que está congelado dentro de los glaciares y de los casquetes de hielo. 2) Una gran cantidad de agua dulce es liberada. Esto está provocando un aumento gradual en el nivel del mar. 3) Por lo tanto, las regiones bajas costeras están en mayor riesgo de inundación y de oleadas de la marea.
English
Rising global temperature is melting the ice that is frozen in glaciers and ice caps. 2) A large amount of fresh water is released. This is causing a gradual rise in sea level. Therefore, the low coastal regions had most at risk of flooding and tidal waves.
La remota región de Mosquitia en Honduras, que posee pantanos de mangle, ríos, praderas y bosque tropical, es una hermosa zona salvaje natural. 5) Es el hogar de los indios miskito, garifuna, pesch y tawakha. 6) Sin embargo, la zona y su gente están bajo amenaza.
English
Remote region of Mosquitia in Honduras, which had mangrove swamps, rivers, fields and tropical forests, is a beautiful wild area. It’s the home of indian miskito, garifuna, pesch and tawakha. However, the area and its people are under threat.
El clima está cambiando como resultado del cambio climático. 8) Las precipitaciones se han tornado imprevisibles, a veces hay sequías y otras veces precipitaciones muy fuertes. 9) En el 2005, tres huracanes y precipitaciones muy fuertes afectaron la zona en un corto periodo de tiempo. 10) Los mismos provocaron que los ríos atravesaran los bancos de arena y arrasaran con parte de una comunidad. 11) Además, grandes extensiones de árboles están siendo taladas, lo que cambia el micro clima y aumenta la erosión.
English
The climate is changing as a result of climate change. The rainfalls have become unpredictable, sometimes there are droughts and other times very heavy rainfalls. In 2005, three hurricanes and very heavy rainfall hit the area in a short period of time. They caused rivers broke through the sand banks and washed away part of a community. In addition, large tracts of trees are being cut, which changes the micro climate and increases the erosion.
Muchas personas viven muy cerca del mar porque el clima es mucho más agradable allí. 13) Hay brisa, es más fresco y hay menos insectos. 14) Sin embargo, estas personas son muy vulnerables al aumento del nivel del mar. 15) Si la zona continúa siendo afectada por huracanes más fuertes y frecuentes y aumenta el nivel del mar, entonces cientos de personas de la zona costera tendrán que emigrar. 16) Si estas personas tienen que mudarse a las zonas boscosas, las enfermedades como la malaria serán un gran problema. 17) Estas personas entonces perderían el acceso a suministros de agua potable, escuelas y otros servicios comunitarios.
English
Many people live near the sea because the weather is much nicer there. There is breeze, is more fresh and there are less insects. However, these people are highly vulnerable to rising sea levels. If the area continues being affected by frequent and stronger hurricanes and sea level rises, then hundreds of people from the coastal zone will have to emigrate. If these people have to move at forest areas, diseases like malaria are a big problem. 17) These people then lose access to safe water supplies, schools and other community services.
El aumento del nivel del mar también tendrá un enorme efecto sobre el medio ambiente natural. 19) El agua de mar que entra en las lagunas costeras puede matar a los peces y la vida vegetal existente y llevar a cambios permanentes en la vegetación y las poblaciones de peces. 20) Los ONGs están trabajando con las comunidades ayudándoles a preparase para los desastres y a replantar árboles alrededor de las lagunas. 21) Ellos se aseguran de que se ofrezcan alertas de huracán en la radio durante la temporada de huracanes. 22) También se les enseña a las personas procedimientos de evacuación de manera que puedan responder a los avisos con poca antelación.
English
Rising sea levels will also have an enormous impact on the natural environment. 19) The sea water that enters the coastal lake can kill fish and vegetable life existing permanent and lead to changes in vegetation and fish populations. The NGOs are working with communities help them prepare for disasters and replant trees around the gaps. 21) They make sure to provide hurricane warnings on the radio during the hurricane season. 22) also learn to the people evacuation procedures for that they can respond to warnings at short advance.
divendres, 29 de maig del 2009
Rising sea levels
1) Global growth of temperature is melting the ice that is frozen inside the glaciers and ice caps.
2) Lot of quantity of sweet water is liberated. This is causing a gradual increase in the sea level.
3) Therefore low seaside places are on high risk of flood and tidal surges.
4) Mosquitia, a remote place in Honduras that have mangrove swamps, rivers, fields and rainforest, is a beautiful and wild natural zone.
5) There is the place of miskito, garifuna, pesch and tawaka indians.
6) Nevertheless the place and its people are threated.
7) Climate is changing by the result of climatic change.
8) Rainfalls are now unpredictables, sometimes there are droughts and sometimes a very high rainfalls.
9) On 2005 three hurricanes and very high rainfalls destroy the zone in a short period of time.
10)Those effects causes the rivers went trough sand banks and washed away with part of a comunity.
11) Futhermore big extensions of trees are cutting down, it change the microclimate and increase the erosion.
12) Lots of people are living very close of the sea because climate is pleasant there.
13) There is breeze, is more fresh and there is less insects.
14) Neverthelessthose people are very vulnerable to the increase of the sea level.
15) If the zone keeps affected by higher and frequent hurricanes and increase the sea level then hundreds of people of the seaside have to migrate.
16) If those persons have to move to forest areas, diseases like malaria could be a big problem.
17) Those persons then will lose acess to supplies of drinkable water, schools and other comunitary services.
18) The increase of sea level also will have a important effect on the natural enviornment.
19) Sea water get in the seaside lakes could kill the fishes and existing vegetable life and will make permenent changes on vegetable and fish colonies.
20) NGOs are working with the communities helping to preparing them to disasters and to replant trees around the lakes.
21) They make sure that huricane alerts are offered during hurricane seasons.
22) Also people are showed evacuation procedures to make them could answer warnings in advance.
2) Lot of quantity of sweet water is liberated. This is causing a gradual increase in the sea level.
3) Therefore low seaside places are on high risk of flood and tidal surges.
4) Mosquitia, a remote place in Honduras that have mangrove swamps, rivers, fields and rainforest, is a beautiful and wild natural zone.
5) There is the place of miskito, garifuna, pesch and tawaka indians.
6) Nevertheless the place and its people are threated.
7) Climate is changing by the result of climatic change.
8) Rainfalls are now unpredictables, sometimes there are droughts and sometimes a very high rainfalls.
9) On 2005 three hurricanes and very high rainfalls destroy the zone in a short period of time.
10)Those effects causes the rivers went trough sand banks and washed away with part of a comunity.
11) Futhermore big extensions of trees are cutting down, it change the microclimate and increase the erosion.
12) Lots of people are living very close of the sea because climate is pleasant there.
13) There is breeze, is more fresh and there is less insects.
14) Neverthelessthose people are very vulnerable to the increase of the sea level.
15) If the zone keeps affected by higher and frequent hurricanes and increase the sea level then hundreds of people of the seaside have to migrate.
16) If those persons have to move to forest areas, diseases like malaria could be a big problem.
17) Those persons then will lose acess to supplies of drinkable water, schools and other comunitary services.
18) The increase of sea level also will have a important effect on the natural enviornment.
19) Sea water get in the seaside lakes could kill the fishes and existing vegetable life and will make permenent changes on vegetable and fish colonies.
20) NGOs are working with the communities helping to preparing them to disasters and to replant trees around the lakes.
21) They make sure that huricane alerts are offered during hurricane seasons.
22) Also people are showed evacuation procedures to make them could answer warnings in advance.
dimecres, 29 d’abril del 2009
Platinium nanocube improves the performance of fuel batteries
Two principal obstacles to the success of hydrogen powered cars are related on fuel cells. Just like batteries, fuel cells produce electric power by chemical reactions, but it has rejected by its has low efficience and its high productions costs. Many scientifics have tested with wide variety of metals and other materials without overcoming these problems.
Now, a team managed by Shouheng Sun, chemistry teacher from Brown, has solved a similar dilema that Rubik cube for to use platinium, it's a beautiful metal coveted by it capacity for stimulate a chemical reactions in the cells fuels. The team has demostrated giving the platinium a cube form improve considerably its efficiency in a phase of the running of fuel cells known as reactions of reduction oxygen. Sun results has been published online in the Angewandte Chemie magazine.
Platinum helps to reduce the power barrier (quantity of power needed to start a reaction) on oxydation phase of a fuel cell. Also it is useful on the other end of the fuel cell knowed as cathode. There, it is knowed that platinum helps in the reduction of oxygen, a process in which the electron are taken from hydrogen atoms and are united with oxygen atoms to create an electric charge. The reaction is important because it only produces water. This by-product (rather than carbon dyoxid that cause global warm) is one of the most important reasons that fuel cells are a tempting investigation field both car manufacturers and politicians.
Nevertheless scientists have found difficulties when they want to maximize the potential of platinum on reaction of reduction oxygen. The barriers turn mainly around the form and the surface of the area (geometry geography). What Sun have discovered is moulding the platinum on a cube form at nanoscale boost its catalysis, that is to say, boost the speed of the chemical reaction.
"For the first time we can control the morphology of the particle to make it similar like a cube", said Sun. "Before we had got a very limited control on this process". "Now we have shown it can be done in a form of coherent way".
During his experiments, Sun with the postgraduate student Chao Wang and other engineers of the Japanese company Hitachi Maxwell Ltd. had created cubical and polyhedrical forms of different sizes adding platinum acetylacetonate (Pt(acac)2) and quantities trace of iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)5) on specific levels of temperature. The team watched the cubes were more efficient as catalysts dued to on a big part to its surface structure and its resistance to be absorbed by the sulfate on the fuel cell dissolving. Next step acording to Sun will be to construct a fuel cell with an electrolytic polymeric membrane and in it test the platinum nanocubes as a catalyst.
Now, a team managed by Shouheng Sun, chemistry teacher from Brown, has solved a similar dilema that Rubik cube for to use platinium, it's a beautiful metal coveted by it capacity for stimulate a chemical reactions in the cells fuels. The team has demostrated giving the platinium a cube form improve considerably its efficiency in a phase of the running of fuel cells known as reactions of reduction oxygen. Sun results has been published online in the Angewandte Chemie magazine.
Platinum helps to reduce the power barrier (quantity of power needed to start a reaction) on oxydation phase of a fuel cell. Also it is useful on the other end of the fuel cell knowed as cathode. There, it is knowed that platinum helps in the reduction of oxygen, a process in which the electron are taken from hydrogen atoms and are united with oxygen atoms to create an electric charge. The reaction is important because it only produces water. This by-product (rather than carbon dyoxid that cause global warm) is one of the most important reasons that fuel cells are a tempting investigation field both car manufacturers and politicians.
Nevertheless scientists have found difficulties when they want to maximize the potential of platinum on reaction of reduction oxygen. The barriers turn mainly around the form and the surface of the area (geometry geography). What Sun have discovered is moulding the platinum on a cube form at nanoscale boost its catalysis, that is to say, boost the speed of the chemical reaction.
"For the first time we can control the morphology of the particle to make it similar like a cube", said Sun. "Before we had got a very limited control on this process". "Now we have shown it can be done in a form of coherent way".
During his experiments, Sun with the postgraduate student Chao Wang and other engineers of the Japanese company Hitachi Maxwell Ltd. had created cubical and polyhedrical forms of different sizes adding platinum acetylacetonate (Pt(acac)2) and quantities trace of iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)5) on specific levels of temperature. The team watched the cubes were more efficient as catalysts dued to on a big part to its surface structure and its resistance to be absorbed by the sulfate on the fuel cell dissolving. Next step acording to Sun will be to construct a fuel cell with an electrolytic polymeric membrane and in it test the platinum nanocubes as a catalyst.
dimecres, 25 de febrer del 2009
Unit 3: Translation and Project Management
This unit speaks about of how translation can benefit from project management techniques and quality control processes.
Translation profession is evolving in a service for industry.
Project management:The Basics
Actually, the translation market is increasing its profits. At the same time the working environment of the translator is transforming towards descentralized global teams and technology is the crucial key of the process.
Translation, likes the project management, are unique and temporary, but there is no doubt that exist a pool of previously translated materials provides an invaluable source of knowledge and expertise and thus contributing to the project's efficiency in terms of speed and quality, specially in the sectors of technology publishing.
Translation workflow and Operational
Environment
Translation is an essential part in the information cycle that deals with information obejects (IO).
Translation project's life-cycle:
First step of translation project's lifecycle is commissioning: Here, project manager receives a bid for translating something. He must to define client's needs and evaluate his options in terms of time, cost, quality. This is a Feasibility study.
The next step is planning. In this phase, is very important to concieve the project as a whole. The project manager has to devise a coherent plan where all these items are adequantly coordinated.
The Translation phase is the most important part of the project and is only successful if you have been adequantly planned and completed the rest of the project phases.
Finally, the wind-up stage, is the last step and it consists in to revise the text translated
dimecres, 18 de febrer del 2009
Unit 1 and unit 2 Summary
Translation concepts and techniques:
We were speaking about the diferent strategies for making a good translation. There are 8 translation techniques.
- Borrowing, taking words straight into another language
- Calque, literal translation at phrase level
- Literal Translation
- Transposition, frequently used between English and Spanish
- Modulation, using a phrase that is diferent in the source and target languages to express the same idea.
- Reformulation, to express something in a diferent way.
- Adaptation, it seems 'reformulation' but the target language used isn't familiar or appropriate to the target languages culture.
- Compesation, the meaning that is lost in the inmediate translation is expressed somewhere else in the Translation Techniques.
Terminology:
Is a polysemous that can be refer to a collection, an activity or an theory.
Two perspectives:
Concept-oriented perspective, a group of concepts of a specialized area and their associated signs.
Term-oriented, the items which are characterized by special reference within a discipline, are the terms of that discipline, and the collectively they form its 'terminology'.
Terminology plays an important role in many different fields such as standardization, translation, technical documentation, and software localization.
There are three basics concepts in terminology:
- Object: Any part of the perceivable or conceivable world
- Concept: A unit of thought constituted throught abstraction on the basis of properties common to a set objects.
- Term: Designation of a defined concept in a special language by a linguistic expression.
Term structure:
Terms can have different types of structures.
Simple terms: Terms consisting of only one stem with or without affixes.
Abbreviated terms: Abbreviations, initialisms and acronyms.
Complex terms: terms consisting of two or more stems with or without other term elements
Compound terms: Complex terms in which elements have a fixed position within the terms as a whole but are no linked by morphological devices.
The choice between a single-word or a multiword term depends on languages conventions.
Homonymy and Polysemy:
Homonymy: identical terms representing different concepts have differents etymological origins
Polysemous: When a term gets several meaning
We were speaking about the diferent strategies for making a good translation. There are 8 translation techniques.
- Borrowing, taking words straight into another language
- Calque, literal translation at phrase level
- Literal Translation
- Transposition, frequently used between English and Spanish
- Modulation, using a phrase that is diferent in the source and target languages to express the same idea.
- Reformulation, to express something in a diferent way.
- Adaptation, it seems 'reformulation' but the target language used isn't familiar or appropriate to the target languages culture.
- Compesation, the meaning that is lost in the inmediate translation is expressed somewhere else in the Translation Techniques.
Terminology:
Is a polysemous that can be refer to a collection, an activity or an theory.
Two perspectives:
Concept-oriented perspective, a group of concepts of a specialized area and their associated signs.
Term-oriented, the items which are characterized by special reference within a discipline, are the terms of that discipline, and the collectively they form its 'terminology'.
Terminology plays an important role in many different fields such as standardization, translation, technical documentation, and software localization.
There are three basics concepts in terminology:
- Object: Any part of the perceivable or conceivable world
- Concept: A unit of thought constituted throught abstraction on the basis of properties common to a set objects.
- Term: Designation of a defined concept in a special language by a linguistic expression.
Term structure:
Terms can have different types of structures.
Simple terms: Terms consisting of only one stem with or without affixes.
Abbreviated terms: Abbreviations, initialisms and acronyms.
Complex terms: terms consisting of two or more stems with or without other term elements
Compound terms: Complex terms in which elements have a fixed position within the terms as a whole but are no linked by morphological devices.
The choice between a single-word or a multiword term depends on languages conventions.
Homonymy and Polysemy:
Homonymy: identical terms representing different concepts have differents etymological origins
Polysemous: When a term gets several meaning
dimecres, 11 de febrer del 2009
electronic screens as thin as paper are coming soon
Durante años, las pantallas de los portatiles, televisores, telefonos moviles, etc, se han convertido en mas nitidas, grandes y finas. Las pantallas estan cerca de llegar a ser mas delgadas todavia, pero con un nuevo enfoque. Por la utilización de componentes flexibles, estas pantallas tambien se convertiran en flexibles. Algunas incluso podrian ser enrolladas y metidas en tu bolsillo como una pieza de papel electrónico. Estas finas láminas de plástico serán utilizadas para poder ver palabras e imágenes; un libro, o quizás, nuestra revista o periódico. Y ahora parece como si las pantallas pudieran ser producidas en masa, de forma parecida al papel impreso, que ellos estan simulando.
La crucial tecnologia desarollada apareció recientemente en el Flexible Display Centre de Arizona State University. Utilizando un novedoso proceso litografico inventado por HP Labs, el brazo investigador de Hewlett-Packard, y una tinta electrónica producida por E Ink, una compañia creada a partir del Massachusetts Institute of Techonology, los investigadores del centro lograron imprimir muestras flexibles en largos rollos de un plástico de pelicula fabricado por DuPont. Para hacer pantallas individuales, la pelicula impresa es cortada dentro de las secciones como si fueran folios para revistas o periodicos que podrian ser cortados para............
Las pantallas electrophoretic resultantes son de poco peso y consumen solo una fracción de la energia de una tipica pantalla de cristal liquido. Su primera utilización es probablemente por parte de la Armada Americana, quien ayuda a pagar el projecto. Ellos desean que sus soldados sean capaces de utilizar las pantallas como mapas electronicos y recibir la información. La idea es que las pantallas flexibles reemplacen algunos de los voluminosos mecanismos que los soldados ahora tienen que llevar encima. Si esto funciona, el mercado al por menor se acercará. Las primeras pruebas de las versiones para el consumidor podrian empezar dentro de unos años.
La crucial tecnologia desarollada apareció recientemente en el Flexible Display Centre de Arizona State University. Utilizando un novedoso proceso litografico inventado por HP Labs, el brazo investigador de Hewlett-Packard, y una tinta electrónica producida por E Ink, una compañia creada a partir del Massachusetts Institute of Techonology, los investigadores del centro lograron imprimir muestras flexibles en largos rollos de un plástico de pelicula fabricado por DuPont. Para hacer pantallas individuales, la pelicula impresa es cortada dentro de las secciones como si fueran folios para revistas o periodicos que podrian ser cortados para............
Las pantallas electrophoretic resultantes son de poco peso y consumen solo una fracción de la energia de una tipica pantalla de cristal liquido. Su primera utilización es probablemente por parte de la Armada Americana, quien ayuda a pagar el projecto. Ellos desean que sus soldados sean capaces de utilizar las pantallas como mapas electronicos y recibir la información. La idea es que las pantallas flexibles reemplacen algunos de los voluminosos mecanismos que los soldados ahora tienen que llevar encima. Si esto funciona, el mercado al por menor se acercará. Las primeras pruebas de las versiones para el consumidor podrian empezar dentro de unos años.
Subscriure's a:
Missatges (Atom)